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Abstract: The alphabet is an important component of knowledge of the world and at the same time it is the instrument of formation and development of mentality of the people. It is known that the Slavic, and then the Russian mentality, were developing in great dependence on a powerful source of the Mediterranean culture through formation and development of Cyril and Methodius appreciation of a book and formation of special spiritual and material space categories and forms of the native language. For more than a thousand-year history Cyrillic alphabet has proved its harmonious communication with Slavic languages, as a result of which reforms of the alphabet have slightly affected its alphabetic structure. However with Peter the Great’s Russian type, there begins the process of gradual loss of the ancient traditions of honoring the letters, there is the search for the new directions of the training focused generally on the western methods (used to teach Latin alphabet in particular) and techniques. It has caused the loss of the richest cultural layer which the alphabetic system having centuries-old tradition of training of writing, and thus it caused the appearance of the new words illustrate the civil. The monitoring of the contents of modern ABC books for children shows random selection of illustrative material. In this regard we argue the necessity of maintaining traditions of respect for the alphabet to strengthen the Russian mentality.