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Abstract: The study aims to identify the linguistic means of representing the category of directiveness and to determine the degree of its manifestation in declarative documents. It is noted that the main means of expression of this category include modal words (markers of ontological, deontic, and epistemic modality), and lexical and grammatical units with a categorical meaning, restrictiveness, collective subjectness, performativity, and temporality. The practical research material comprises texts of the BRICS (17) and SCO (25) Declarations. Using corpus analysis conducted with the Voyant Tools automated data-processing program, the study provides quantitative data on linguistic markers that express different degrees of directiveness: categorical (strictly formalized), consultative-recommendatory, and hypothetical (warning or predictive). The study uses the method of contextual and cognitive-discursive analysis to discover the semantic similarities and differences in the realization of the category of directiveness in the declarations of two institutions of multilateral diplomacy – the SCO and BRICS. The research findings contradict the initial hypothesis that the SCO declarations, produced by an organization with a rigid structure, should demonstrate a higher degree of directiveness than those of the BRICS, where coordination and partnership prevail without strict directive mechanisms. This hypothesis was based on the institutional differences between the SCO and BRICS. A linguistic analysis has revealed the opposite: the degree of directiveness is higher in the BRICS declarations and lower in the SCO declarative documents. This result may be explained by several factors: first, differences in the strategic objectives of the organization and the intergovernmental grouping, and second, the specific nature of the cognitive-communicative models of the founding states of the institutions under study – China and Russia (the Confucian model is characterized by gradual, morally thought-out action, while the Russian model is associated with a breakthrough, emotionally motivated action; these tendencies manifest themselves in various spheres of communication, including diplomacy). These factors account for the higher degree of implicit directiveness embedded in the BRICS documents compared to the declarative documents of the SCO.

About the author(s) :

Elena V. Dziuba

Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University (Saint Petersburg, Russia)

ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3833-516X

Publication Timeline:

Date of receipt: 21.11.2025; date of publication: 29.12.2025

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