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Abstract: This article addresses the challenges of ideographic classification of vocabulary with semantics of sound and its representation in a thesaurus. The study is conducted within the framework of developing the Universal Thesaurus of the Russian Language and other dictionaries produced by the Ural Semantic School, which are based on a unique ideographic synopsis. The authors discuss three interconnected issues complicating the establishment of unified principles for the semantic classification of sound-related vocabulary. First, sound can be perceived as an action, existence in space, a property, or something in between all of that. This leads to the inconsistent use of various dictionary entry operators (e.g., “produce sound”, “emit sound”, “sound”, “be / exist”, etc.). Second, sound-related vocabulary is characterized by regular metonymic polysemy. While the physical process of sounding always involves a source, this fact is not necessarily reflected in lexical semantics. Third, sound may constitute only one part of a word’s complex semantics, overlapping with other semantic or denotative classes. In such cases, the classification challenge lies in determining which component of the complex semantics is primary: the sound itself or the associated action – such as speech, musical performance, striking a blow, destruction of an object, etc. It is also possible for a single meaning to be assigned to multiple lexico-semantic or denotative-ideographic groups. The study reveals that the existing lexicographical approaches to these issues in ideographic dictionaries often exhibit starkly contrasting tendencies. These differences stem from the organizational principles, formats, and functional capabilities of the lexicographical resources, as well as from divergences in lexicographical traditions. The article presents potential solutions to classification issues regarding sound-related vocabulary within the framework of refining the ideographic synopsis developed by the Ural Semantic School. All sound-related vocabulary units are grouped in the section “Acoustic Perception”, which comprises the denotative-ideographic groups “Process of Acoustic Perception”, “Sounds, Their Varieties, and Sources”, and “Sound Characteristics”. The study concludes that the denotative-ideographic approach to constructing synopsis is highly effective; this method resolves the issue of combining vocabulary related to sound production and sound perception – as well as words belonging to different parts of speech – within a single class.

About the author(s) :

Mikhail Yu. Mukhin

Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin
(Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation)

ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8716-9260

Evgenia M. Cherkasova

Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin
(Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation)

ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9821-2068

Publication Timeline:

Date of receipt: 17.09.2026; date of publication: 31.10.2026

References:

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